Rostows Theory Of Economic Growth - 1507 Words

2 Rostow’s theory of economic growth (or Rostovian take-off model), is historically one of the major models of economic growth. Published in 1960 by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow, the model dictates that economic growth occurs in five stages of fluctuating time periods. The five stages include 1) the traditional society, 2) the preconditions for take-off, 3) the take-off, 4) the drive to maturity, and finally, 5) the age of mass production. The following definitions were established by Walt Rostow in his book published in 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth. The first stage, the traditional society, describes countries where the population is still actively engaged in agricultural practises, therefore eliminating any time available to undertake major economic and entrepreneurial risks. The technology and science in use is also described as ‘pre-Newtonian’. Examples of such societies include Medieval Europe and Chinese dynasties. The second stage, precondit ions for take-off, is explained as encompassing nations with a more stable political base. This stage was clearly established in Western Europe in the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century, as scientific advancements and continued industrialisation had aided agriculture and the capital market to thrive. The next stage is the actual take off stage, where new industries appear and agriculture is being commercialised. Steady growth is evident through the exploitation of natural resources,Show MoreRelatedWorld Theory And Wallersteins Stages Of Social And Economic Development731 Words   |  3 PagesThis essay attempts to compare and to contrast the theories of Walt Rostows stages of social and economic development and Wallersteins world system theory. The Rostows five-stage model of economic growth and core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s three-part world system theory are both used to identify a countrys development. Although they have similarities, there are differences between the two models. Rostows five-stage model emphasizes on the development process of countries. On the otherRead MoreModernization Theory Of The Post War Years1324 Words   |  6 Pageswith growing fears about Cold War tensions and the threat of communism, the domestic post-war environment contributed to the emergence of the predominant American sociological and economic theory of the post-war years: modernization theory. Though many new theories have emerged since the development of modernization theory, of which Walt Whitman Rostow was one of the leading figures, and it has seen fluctuations in its popularity, it has remained a part of the discourse on development to this day.Read MoreEssay on Modernization Theory: The Development Ladder1270 Words   |  6 PagesModernisation theory has been a dominant theory since post-World War II (McMichael 2012:5) to describe development and social change. It is structured and outlined through five different stages of deve lopment ladder proposed by Walt Whitman Rostow in The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. (1961:4) The first premise of modernisation theory reflected by development ladder is that development happened in a sequential process through stage by stage while the second premise underpinnedRead MoreWalter Rostow’s Linear Development Theory2110 Words   |  9 PagesBSDS101: Assignment 1: Outline the stages of Walter Rostow’s Linear development theory and discuss the theory’s applicability to the developing world. Introduction: The question of why and how the developing world has since been developing at a relatively low pace has since been interpreted by various perspectives most of which are Euro-centric and highly debatable. A number of theories have since been formulated to explain why the developing countries are lagging behind in terms of their GrossRead MoreRostows Theory of Economic Development1055 Words   |  5 PagesE37/1523/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BARAZA A. DANIEL E37/1625/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ LUMONYE FAITH JUMA E35S/11325/2010 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DOUGHLAS NYAKUNDI E37/1509/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ FREDDICK ACHACH E37/1614/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Rostow’s five stages of Development This theory was written by Walt Whiteman Rostow. In 1960 he suggested countries go through fairly linearly and set out number of conditions that were likely to occur in investment, consumption and social trends at each state. He also saidRead MoreTheories of Development2183 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast Karl Marx’s and Walt Rostow’s theories of stages of social and economic development. By Daniel C. Phiri, Lusaka, Zambia 28/11/2013 Introduction This essay attempts to compare and contrast Karl Marx’s and Walt Rostow’s theories of stages of social and economic development. A theory is an interconnected, logical system of concepts that provides a framework for organising and understanding observations. The function of a theory is to allow us to understand and predict the behaviourRead MoreDevelopment Theory And Walt Whitman Rostows Theory Of Development889 Words   |  4 PagesMODERNISATION THEORY Development is an abstract and subjective concept but the most popular definition of development is the betterment of human kind (Cowen et al., 1995). Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960 published a model which claimed that development in underdeveloped nations could occur in five basic steps: Traditional Society, Preconditions to Take-off, Take-off, Drive to Maturity, Age of High Mass Consumption. Due to Rostow’s fierce anti-communist beliefs, his definition of development resortedRead MoreImpact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On The Region s Development1704 Words   |  7 PagesII, development has been the most important term used to describe economic, social and political changes in what have come to be known as Third world countries† (Zhang, 2003). The Asian financial crisis of 1997 had a major impact on the regions development as it was the end of the East Asian economic miracle, a time that showed staggering economic growth throughout the Asia Pacific. However, despite evidence that the economic development has slowed down within the region, it can be argued thatRead MoreLiberal and Radical Approaches in Zambia1744 Words   |  7 Pagesstages to higher stages. It may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means (Harper, 1993: 13). It may refer to a model change in the socio-economic structure, for instance a shift away from feudalism and towards capitalism. According to Giddens (2000: 32), social change is defined as the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rulesRead MoreRostow s Theory Of Economic Growth997 Words   |  4 Pages Rostow’s theory of economic growth (or Rostovian take-off model), is historically one of the major models of economic growth. Published in 1960 by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow, the model dictates that economic growth occurs in five stages of fluctuating time periods. The five stages include 1) the traditional society, 2) the preconditions for take-off, 3) the take-off, 4) the drive to maturity, and finally, 5) the age of mass production. The following definitions were established by Walt

College LGBT Students Discrimination in Employment,...

College LGBT Students Discrimination in Employment, Education and Community: Problems and Possible Solutions Alcantara, Ma. Romelie Azucena, Claire The Seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan (2006) once said that â€Å"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance.† However, despite this and all of the actions done by the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) groups, gender discrimination is still visible in our country especially in the sectors of employment, education and society. It is evident in the recent years that the number of LGBTs in these sectors has been increasing and†¦show more content†¦Miss Pao Alcantara (personal communication, November 15, 2013), a member of the organization of LGBT students from the University of the Philippines, told us through an interview that: It is really difficult to be an LGBT individual in the Philippines. For one, it’s really hard to come out as an LGBT because of the fear that our families won’t accept us, or people will judge us because of our sexual orientation and gender identity. We also see discrimination everywhere, from the companies not accepting transgender applicants, or firing employees who do homosexual acts†¦. For now, it’s really difficult. But I hope that it will change through time. Recent studies reveal that more big companies abroad are now accepting LGBT in their companies. Discrimination among these LGBT is diminishing in other countries. They can get promoted and are given greater work responsibilities based on their abilities (Hewlett Sumberg, 2011). According to a 1996 Newsweek magazine poll cited by Fitch (1997), a majority of American voters and even successful companies are conformed in the equality for gays and lesbians in the workplace. Likewise, Human Rights Campaign studies revealed that more than 300 employers are also giving benefit to the LGBT employees and are supporting their groups. Furthermore, different organizations such asShow MoreRelatedLgbt19540 Words   |  79 PagesWhat Is LGBT? LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and along with heterosexual they describe peoples sexual orientation or gender identity. These terms are explained in more detail here. Lesbian A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay. Gay A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generallyRead MoreHomosexuality5409 Words   |  22 Pages MWENGE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FACULT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY COURSE TITTLE: SOCIALIZATION PROCESS COURSE CODE: SOC-108 TERM PAPER HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA STUDENT’S NAME MDODI F MDODI REG: T/DEG/MWUCE/2012/ 0578 SectionRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pages.............................................................19 Tailor the informed consent process to meet patient needs ........................................................................................................19 Provide patient education that meets patient needs ....................................................................................................................20 Address patient mobility needs during treatment .....................................................Read MoreCase: Chester Wayne Essay18738 Words   |  75 PagesReporting Information in the Report reflects the worldwide business activities of Kodak and our subsidiaries from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. Every attempt has been made to report performance data on a worldwide basis. Where that is not possible, exceptions are noted. Performance data from operations at leased facilities are included while data from outsourced operations are not. The content in this Report was selected and prioritized to communicate the overall approach, specific actions

Where Should They House The Criminally Insane - 1176 Words

Where should they house the criminally insane? Many civil and federal cases have had to deal with whether they should house the criminals in a mental institution; however, most of them end up in a state prison. Although housing them in mental institutions sounds more appealing a lot of funding goes into mental institutions, but most of the time there is not enough funding for all the criminals being convicted. The problem of where the criminals should be housed is a big problem in the field of law. Even though prosecutors have been dealing with this problem for several decades, it has not been solved which causes a lot of problems for the lawyers dealing with cases that have a criminally insane defendant. Criminal defense lawyers represent clients or organizations who have been accused of acts against the law. Criminal defense lawyers who work for the government are called public defenders. A criminal defense lawyer researches, prepares and argues a case on the behalf of a client so they can defend them from the criminal charges. Research and case preparation are the two things being done outside of actual trials. Criminal defense lawyers examine evidence, laws and statues, and past judicial rulings in order to strengthen arguments. Like all attorneys, they must earn a bachelor s degree, then complete three years of law school, specializing in criminal defense, before taking their state s bar exam..According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), all criminalShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Action Procedure Is Justified Innocent Or Guilty1623 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Lee’s fingerprints on the gun, matched the bullets that shot the two men with Hailey’s gun and talke d to witness’ about what they saw. The arrest of the suspect, Carl Lee Hailey, was shown wrong in the movie also. The police showed up at his house hours after the crime with no warrant or evidence for the arrest. His Miranda Rights were not read to him and he was not cuffed when the police took him away. In a real life case police would definitely cuff the suspect and check them for weapons orRead MoreInsanity in Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Alan Poe1058 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent; the court knows the defendant is guilty the only aspect they are unsure about is the punishment this murderer should receive. The State is pushing for a jail sentence and strongly believes that the defendant was sane at the time of the murder. It is nearly impossible for the defense to prove their evidence burden of 51%. The State claims that the defendant was criminally responsible at the time of the murder. By using excessive exaggeration, premeditation and motive, the Prosecution willRead MoreInsane, But Guilty : A Superior Substitute For Insanity Plea1426 Words   |  6 PagesJisette Blondet Mr. Albonetti English Composition March 11, 2016 Insane, But Guilty; A Superior Substitute For The Insanity Plea The Insanity Plea was first used in 1843, changing society’s perception on the . â€Å"Totally deprived of his understanding and memory so as not to know what he [was] doing, no more than an infant, a brute, or a wild beast† (Feigl 1995, 161).† What first started off as â€Å"complete madness† had evolved to the â€Å"Wild Beast† test after the twentieth century. Feigl had the perceptionRead MoreNot Guilty by Reason of Insanity: a Look Into the Insanity Defense1971 Words   |  8 Pagesbegan. The verdict of this trail changed the way the civilized world views the criminally insane. People who were criminally insane went from being viewed as evil and wild beasts to people who could not be held accountable for their actions at the time of the crime they committed. As time progressed, the insanity defense became an acceptable defense and rules were laid forth on how to declare people criminally insane.   In this essay I will give the events responsible for the McNaughton trial andRead MoreEssay about Criminal Defense Case Analysis796 Wo rds   |  4 Pagesfirst case that I will be examining will be in the case of the sleepwalking defense. On May 3, 1987, 23 year-old, Kenneth Parks, drove 14 miles to his wife’s parents house and viciously attacked them, killing his wife’s mother and severely wounding her father. â€Å"Accounts say he removed a tire iron from the car and entered the house, where he proceeded to beat his mother-in-law to death and choke his father-in-law into unconsciousness, while stabbing them with their own kitchen knife (Ramsland).† HeRead MoreInsanity Defense Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesand going insane. Many problems are raised by the existence of the insanity defense. For example, determining the patients true mental illness (whether they are faking or not), placement of the mentally ill after trial, the credibility of the psychological experts, the percentage of cases that are actually successful, and the usefulness of such a defense. The insanity defense is als o seen as a legal loophole and a waste of money. Due to this, the insanity defense as a whole should be abolishedRead MoreEquus Play Analysis799 Words   |  4 Pagesactions, he stabs 6 horse’s eyes out as though his god being is blinded and unable to see the (immoral) act he that he wanted to commit. Because of the violent act committed against the horses he was seen by the court as criminally insane and was sent to a psychiatric hospital where he meets his psychiatrist martin Dysart. Dysart, a child psychiatrist in his forties. He is tormented by doubts about the worth of his occupation as well as about the value of his being. After working with Alan for manyRead MoreThe Insanity Plea: History and Implications2382 Words   |  10 Pagescriminal defendants should not be found guilty of their crimes by reason of mental instability has been a well established judicial action throughout centuries of jurisdiction. Even though the original intent of this practice was to soften the harsh consequences of capital punishments, the psychiatric state of persons convicted of crimes quickly became an important mechanism of social regulation. The justification for this mechanism lies in the assumption that the criminally insane are irrational andRead MoreThe Ideological Concept Of Insanity Defense2313 Words   |  10 Pagesadjudge guilty of such act (Hill). Through such incorporation of a legal defense, the institution of a new societal grouping known commonly as the â€Å" criminally insane† became expounded, as well as, the legal opportunity allowing for self-declaration of being â€Å"innocent by reason of mental illness or defect†(or, the insanity defense). Those criminally insane are a subset of the prison population who have been deemed to have committed their crimes under the influence of a mental disease/disorder, or whoRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 Pagesand his sister, and was raised by his mom, Alberta, and his dad, Martin Sr. and was very close to his grandmother, Mama Williams (History.com Staff). She passed away when he was twelve and he tried committing suicide by jumping out of a two-story house (Haskins 14). He only ended up with a few bruises and was never seriously injured (Biography.com Editors). That was a turning point for his life. He got married to a singer and musician, Coretta Scott, in June 1953 (Biography.com Editors). The couple

The Defense Budget Should Increase Military Spending

To spend or not to spend, that is the question. America is torn, not sure whether it should increase military spending or if it should considerably slash the budget. Advocates for a higher defense budget claim more spending will lead to a stronger, better trained military, which would in turn help secure our status as the superlative military power of the world. However, supporters of the defense budget cuts argue for a reduction in troop size, which they believe would save the country billions and allow the nation to focus those savings on next generation technology for protection. This argument has raged for decades with no solution in sight. Maybe we have been approaching this problem all wrong. Perhaps, instead of the shortsighted approach of either raise or lower the budget, we try a smarter, more efficient method of spending to ensure every dollar of our annual military budget positively impacts our national defense. The debate whether to raise or lower the defense budget has p lagued this nation for generations with many sides expressing their viewpoints on the matter. Though there are no doubt countless points of views, two main camps come to the forefront: either rise or lower the budget. These two opposing camps are often broad enough to encompass most other ideas on the debate whether for or against it, leaving outliers little room at the proverbial table in which to make their case. Proponents for a fiscal increase range far and wide with perhaps the mostShow MoreRelatedThe Allocation Of Funds Is An Ongoing Debate1673 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate what should take precedence when it comes to government spending. In general, lawmakers fall into one of two categories. They either believe and support that more government funds should be spent on social services, or the opposing view is that more should be allocated toward defense spending. Despite what elected officials might think, there is a finite amount of funds, therefore, without continuing to inc rease the national debt, an increase in spending in one category should cause a decreaseRead MoreThe First Article Argues That We Should Not Increase Our1298 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst article argues that we should not increase our defense spending. Jake Novak, is a senior columnist for CNBC.com and is the author of the article. Novak says that President Trump could buy more jets, ships and military technology like he plans to do without raising the budget. He says that the United States spends over $155 billion per year to maintain our overseas military bases. He doesn t propose that we should eliminate all of the approximately 800 military installations we have in aboutRead MoreThe Total Budget Of The United States Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe total budget of the United States is $4.1 trillion. This accrues for two-thirds of the total spending budget. $1.14 trillion (33%) is spent on institutions such as Social Security, Labor, and Unemployment. $1.03 trillion (27%) is sp ent on Medicare and Health. $586.6 billion (16%) is spent on military. Veterans benefits, food and agriculture, transportation, housing, education make up the remaining 44% of the total budget. The discretionary budget is the portion of the the federal budget that congressRead MoreFederal Budget Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe federal budget is known as the notorious economic tank from which money is distributed to various programs. The money used every fiscal year, which begins October 1st and ends September 30th the next year, belongs to the people. The government raises this money through taxes and they spend it on national defense, Medicare, and social security. The federal budget is an exercise in making choices, and those options will certainly affect individuals living in the U.S. These choices cause debtRead MoreGeorge Trump : A Great Indicator Of Change1176 Words   |  5 PagesTrump is surely to be a great indicator of change, one way or the other. With the new president in office, there is sure to be new defense policy in place. The biggest concern in the matter of what is going to happen to defense funding. In recent years the budget for defense has been decreasing steadily. That in turn has cut down the number of soldiers the military can recruit because of funding. This can be massive to the entire department. The fewer soldiers the more at risk the country is. FromRead MoreThe U.s. National Debt1129 Words   |  5 Pagesdebt today is the highest the U.S. has ever seen. In George Washington’s Farewell Address, he declared the U.S. should avoid going into debt. If the nation end up in a deficit, that the debtors were responsible for paying off the debt so that it doesn’t burden the future generations. Like the rest of this advice in his Farewell Address, the nation ignored it. The ideal goal right now should be to stop the debt from increasing anymore because it is impossible to stop the debt from increasing and expectRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Kagan s Article The Importance Of U.s. Military1050 Words   |  5 Pages Robert Kagan’s article â€Å"The Importance of U.S. Military Might Shouldn’t be underestimated† examines whether or not implementing defense cuts would be good for the US national interests. He argues that it would not be good idea due to the U.S’s use of the military force to help spread democracy around the world and upholding the international system. He fears that these defense budget reductions will lead to U.S. forced to cede power over to other countries due to the reduction of theRead MoreThe United States National Debt1328 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial practice is to not spend more money than you earn and borrow only for emergencies. It appears our Congress is incapable of adhering to sound financial practices as in the last fifty years there have only been five years when the U.S. recorded a budget surplus. Between 20 09 and 2012 the U.S. added 5.5 trillion dollars to its national debt. Neither Republicans nor Democrats appear to have any sense of urgency in rectifying this problem. Fortunately the U.S. Government has a good reputation ofRead MoreJapan Defense Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagesof 2016 marks dramatic changes in Japan’s defense and military actions. According to the Annual White Paper of Japan’s Ministry of Defense, Japan has been facing changes of its neighboring countries’ military operations in 2016. Due to North Korea’s military provocations, China’s aggression in the North China Sea, Russia’s fortified marine and air forces, and beheaded of two Japanese civilians by the ISIS, the Ministry of Defense (MOD) and the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) have to take up the responsibilityRead MoreIs American Education Getting Worse Or Better?. One Of1638 Words   |  7 Pagescompared to other countries. There are three different ways to prevent Americans to fail on the education system such as spending less money on war a nd inmates and lower the high school dropout rates. First, Americans are willing to put more money toward war than education. Education should be the number one priority instead of war. Americans pay 21% of their taxes to the military. â€Å"In fiscal year 2015, the federal government spent $3.7 trillion, amounting to 21 percent of the nation’s gross domestic

Tien Tien Free Essays

Phung Th? y Tien ATCC-K13 In Britain, when someone gets old they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who should be responsible for our old people? ESSAY There has been an ongoing debate for years about which one will care for the elderly. We will write a custom essay sample on Tien Tien or any similar topic only for you Order Now It would be argued that the government has to be responsible for the old people. Others would believe that the adult children have to take responsibility for their parents by themselves. Personally, I am convinced that taking care of the senior citizens is the responsibility of both the family and the government. On the one hand, people who dedicated all their life to build up their home deserve the best care from their children when they get old. It would be argued that it is expensive to support old people who have little or no income. In my opinion, it is a dogmatic statement and it goes against the moral values if family members abandon the old people because of those reasons. We should not forget that older people may financially and morally contribute the family when they were young. Their children have gained various things from them like financial security, moral values and so on. All family members need to respect the elderly people, make them feel happy and give them the best care. On the other hand, the Government also has to take the responsibility for taking care the old people. The old people may have done many things to contribute to the national budget like paying tax or working for free when they were young, so they should be received financial assistance from the Government when they get old. Government should give the elderly old-age pension or pay for the care in the nursing home where the old people live in. The Government can also provide subsidy to the poor members who live with elderly parents and invest more money in facilities and training for care workers in the nursing home as well. All things considered, the old people must be received the best care from not only the government but also their family members and society. Children have to look after their elderly parents well, and the government should support the senior citizens in many ways. (346 words) How to cite Tien Tien, Papers

Douglas C Engelbart Essay Research Paper OverviewA free essay sample

Douglas C. Engelbart Essay, Research Paper Overview A innovator in the country of human-computer communications, Engelbart # 8217 ; s theories on utilizing computing machines and package to augment human mind led to the development of such points as the graphical user interface ( GUI ) and the mouse. Although such things as the graphical user interface and the mouse are mostly taken for granted today, they might non be portion of the calculating environment without Douglas Engelbart and his pursuit to develop a computerized system to help human mind. Douglas Engelbart was born in 1925 in Portland, Ore. He graduated from high school in Portland and enrolled at Oregon State University in Corvallis in 1942. Engelbart planned to analyze electrical technology, and had a strong involvement in larning RADAR, at the clip a new military engineering. Although he had no involvement in a military calling, he besides had no other calling programs. He was simply interested in acquiring an instruction. Engelbart was drafted at the terminal of his sophomore twelvemonth, and took a trial the Navy had designed to place persons with involvement in RADAR engineering. He passed the trial and was accepted into the Navy # 8217 ; s year-long preparation plan. It was Engelbart # 8217 ; s old ages as a radio detection and ranging tech that would greatly determine his hereafter vision of how computing machines should expose information. Besides an early influence on his work was Vannevar Bush # 8217 ; s 1945 article As We May Think, a treatment of the future usage of machines as mechanical AIDSs to human mind, which he read in a Red Cross infirmary in the Phillipines while expecting discharge. Following the war, Engelbart returned to Oregon State University, where he received a unmarried man of scientific discipline grade in electrical technology in 1948. After graduation, he took a place as an electrical applied scientist at Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in Mountain View, Calif. It was during this clip that Engelbart began believing about how complicated the universe had become and how worlds would pull off the complex new challenges they were confronting. He considered the human idea procedure, and the tools worlds use to believe. While driving to work one twenty-four hours, he saw an image of the radio detection and ranging screens he had spent hours scanning while in the Navy, and he envisioned how similar screens could be used to expose information from a computing machine. The theory of augmentation # 8212 ; helping the development of greater human mind by leting machines to execute the mechanical portion of thought and thought sharing # 8212 ; began to develop. At the clip, there was merely a smattering of computing machines across the state, and the lone manner to acquire information from them was through punch cards and printouts. Yet, Engelbart could see how easy computing machines and human existences could work together if the tools could be developed to let them to make so. It would take some 10 old ages before he would happen anyone to take him earnestly, nevertheless. In 1951, Engelbart decided to look for a manner to acquire into the computing machine field. He left Ames and entered graduate school at the University of California-Berkeley, which was carry oning a undertaking to construct a general intent digital computing machine. Although he didn # 8217 ; T do contact with an existent computing machine at Berkeley until 1953, and he wasn # 8217 ; t able to convert his co-workers to pass valuable research clip look intoing his thoughts, he did have his Ph.D. in electrical technology in 1955, and he stayed on to learn for another twelvemonth. Hoping to develop some of the patents from his Ph.D. work to fund his augmentation research, Engelbart so started a little concern. He closed it in 1957 when he realized that the semiconducting material industry was poised to short-circuit much of his earlier research. Tired after seven old ages of seeking to convert others of the thoughts he wished to prosecute, En gelbart took a place as a computing machine research worker with the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, Calif. There, he was able to carry SRI # 8217 ; s direction to give some of its internal research and development money to his attempts. Coupled with financess Engelbart had received from the Air Force, he was able to work full-time for several old ages at his regular occupation, utilizing his trim clip to develop and compose the constructs behind the engineerings he envisioned. This work would assist fund his hereafter research. The launch of the Soviet starship Sputnik in 1957 would impel Engelbart # 8217 ; s research forward as good. In response to Sputnik # 8217 ; s launch, and the ensuing concern over the U.S. # 8217 ; s loss of technological high quality, the federal authorities developed the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) to fund new research undertakings that might assist the U.S. regain its traditional strength. One of the undertakings ARPA staff was interested in was Engelbart # 8217 ; s, and in 1963 his group at SRI received support for a research lab designed to travel computing machine engineering into a new kingdom. Engelbart called this procedure bootstrapping, a term he still uses today, and he named the research lab the Augmentation Research Center ( ARC ) . There, Engelbart and several co-workers created the On-line System ( NLS ) , the first integrated environment for thought processing. The system utilized a figure of tools that most computing machine users take for granted today # 8212 ; outline editors for thought development, a mouse indicating device for on-screen choice, shared-screen teleconference, hypertext linking, word processing, e-mail, online aid systems, and a full windowing package environment. In 1968, Engelbart and his group demonstrated these capablenesss at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco. Before a big audience, utilizing a keyboard, screen, mouse and a head-mounted mike, Engelbart demonstrated the system he had long dreamed approximately. It was the first on the job theoretical account for the hereafter of computing machines, and it electrified the audience. ARPA canceled the support of the Augmentation Center in the early 1970s, and the centre closed in 1977. Many of the squad members went on to the Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) , a new research centre Xerox Corporation had built. There, Engelbart # 8217 ; s creative activities were refined, added to, and used as the footing for the first personal computing machine, the Altair. Engelbart, nevertheless, joined Tymshare Inc. , which had bought the teleconference system he demonstrated at the San Francisco conference in 1968. He worked at Tymshare as a senior scientist until the company was purchased by McDonnell Douglas Corp. in 1989. In recent old ages, Engelbart has worked at Stanford University, where he is manager of the Bootstrap Project. The focal point of the undertaking is to convey together computing machine sellers, developers, and end-users to work together on the engineering required by today # 8217 ; s quickly altering universe. The undertaking is funded by the Kapor Family Foundation, Apple Computers, and Sun Microsystems. Beginnings: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: /www.ualberta.ca/~ckeep/hf10035.html gt ; Keep, C.J. , McLaughlin, Tim. Douglas Engelbart. Copyright 1995, robinrobin.escalation @ ACM.org. Rheingold, Howard. Virtual Reality. Summit Books, 1991. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //sln.fi.edu/tfi/exhibits/Engelbart.html gt ; The Franklin Institute of Merit # 8212 ; Douglas C. Engelbart. Saffo, Paul. Rushing Change on a Merry-go-round. Personal Computing, May 25, 1990. Weiss, Ann E. Virtual Reality: A Door to Cyberspace. Twenty-first Century Books ( a division of Henry Holt and Company ) , 1996. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.csl.sri.com/augmentation.html gt ; CSL History: Engelbart. Ransdell, Eric. The Man Who Sees the Future. U.S. News and World Report, May 20, 1996.

Death of Science Essay Example For Students

Death of Science Essay Science Of DeathNathaniel Hawthorne was a writer with many successful stories. From reading those stories it is evident that he had an obsession with science and experimenting with people. In his stories you can find characters (or scientists) trying to find answers that typically end in death. This tragic result shows how one of Hawthornes main themes is the misuse of science. The misuse of science that Hawthorne establishes in his stories is assiduous, but is most evident in The Birth Mark. In this short story he describes a couple, Aylmer and Georgiana, who are intertwine with science. For Aylmer believed the love of science could rival the love of a woman in its depth and absorbing energy because of Aylmers love of science. For Georgianas beauty came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature except for a minor blemish. The blemish or defect was in the center of Georgianas left cheek, and was the reason that Aylmer thought he needed to experiment on or remove it. This was the basis of Hawthornes theme and the reoccurring themes that involved science, which he is emphasizing. The story of Aylmer and Georgiana goes on to tell how they made the removal of this singular mark the justification of science and human experimentation. Before Georgiana can get it removed she has to be convinced of the benefits of this experiment. But his fear that it might be fatal to keep the birthmark is revealed to her through talking in his sleep. She is disturbed on how important it is to him,so she agrees to the removal. With the help of his assistant, Aminadab, he begins the experiments. He locking her in a fumigating room and drugged her to delusions making a strange, indefinite sensation creeping through her veins, and tingling, half painfully, half pleasurably, at her heart. On one occasion between experiments, she found Aylmers journals sorcerers books. These journals were the sad confession and continual exemplification of the shortcomings of the composite man, the spirit burdened with clay and working in matter, and of the despair that assails the higher nature at finding itself so miserably thwarted by the earthly part that were common failures of a genius men or that of scientists. Ending in tragic results were the theme of this collection of journals such as the theme of this tale and of Hawthornes stories. So in the despair of many failed attempts at removing this birthmark, Aylmer and Georgiana fall into insanity over this one minor blemish. Through Aylmers insanity he believed that he should use the most precious poison that ever was concocted in this world- the elixir of immortality. Others who had gotten to this long-sought medium were incapable of using it. But to Aylmer and Georgiana, physical beauty was important than death. So she took the elixir of life and was granted beauty that is, the birthmark was removed. But it cost Georgiana her life. This proverb of Hawthornes and that of his many stories is centered on the idea of taking life, portrayed as the misuse of science. Like Georgiana and the elixir of life, science is misused. Where it is suppose to give more opportunities, it does the opposite and only takes life and Aylmers dream came true.

Case Study Of Alpaca Clothing Private Limited †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of Alpaca Clothing Private Limited. Answer: Introduction: The most important factor that decides the fate of the international expansion is the cross cultural communication. Intercultural communication can be defined as the concept of communication styles and approaches that enhances the connection among people across different culture and societal groups. It can be considered as a construct that explores and analyses the effect of culture on communication and interaction. Common variables of intercultural communication includes social attributes, thought patterns, traditional values, principles, and cultural norms associated with different groups of people belonging to different ethnic or cultural backgrounds. It includes interconnected school of thoughts and theories that define intercultural communication and along with different attributes of communication (Chaney and Martin 2013). The concept of intercultural communication also explores the communication barriers that exist between two or more cultural backgrounds and how to overcome t hem. This assignment will utilize multiple domains of intercultural communication in order to explore, analyze, and overcome the communication barrier that exist in between two cultural backgrounds when it comes to a business scenario taking the help of a case study. Case description: The case study represents the scenario where clothing company by the name alpaca clothing Private Limited that has entertained a satisfactory sales in retail outlets in Australia This small scale company had had the first opportunity to expand to the Asian territory by the virtue of signing a contract for fibre processing service in China. However the company representative in the Chinese location chosen by the company is an Australian born marketing professional by the name of Jonathan Jones. However despite the expertise and professional competence of Jonathan, he had no basic idea of Chinese culture and has never lived abroad, hence his intercultural understanding was very limited. It has been already mentioned above that in case of cross-cultural business dealings the role of optimal intercultural communication is profound. It has to be mentioned in this context that Jonathan had no better understanding of the Chinese culture and had failed to facilitate effective and successful intercultural communication between the Chinese company site and his Australian counterpart and as a result, a few misunderstanding and negotiation flaws have had already occurred. For reviving the situation well planned and strategic intercultural communication and intervention is required taking help from cultural analysis and intercultural communication theories and core competencies. Intercultural theories and competencies: There are many theories that can be associated with the concept of intercultural communication. And each of the theories has a profound impact on the development of the intercultural communication competencies which are extremely required for any crosscultural representative to do his work properly. In the case study the most important flaw in Jonathan had been the fact that he had never lived outside his own country and had no understanding of how to blend in different cultural backgrounds (Jandt 2017). In order for him to succeed in his position and the present it is very important for him to understand different intercultural theories and develop the core competencies of intercultural communication. According to the theory of intercultural adaptation, the most effective method of intercultural communication is through learned communicative competencies. This theory directs the individual towards understanding the foreign culture and then adapting the communication pattern to blend in. The next theory is co cultural theory, which defines communication with our interactions among underrepresented individuals (Samovar et al. 2014). This theory directs individuals to be accepting and open minded about the differences between two cultures and exercise equal position between the groups to facilitate optimal and culturally competent interaction. The theory of communication acculturation represents the cross cultural adaptation to be a task that can be accomplished with only collaborative effort between the parties involved. And on the other hand the communication accommodation theory relies on different linguistic strategies to decrease the communicative distance between two cultural backgrounds. Linking the main Idea behind the theories it can be mentioned that intercultural communication competencies can be developed with better understanding of the cultural differences, compassionate acceptance of the cultural differences, honest and strategic adaptation techniq ues, and most importantly collaborative effort between the parties involved (Carbaugh 2013). Now coming to the modern core competencies of intercultural communication the most important factors has to be proficient knowledge about the host cultural background and linguistic characteristics. Along with that communication can never be effective without emphasis on the nonverbal characteristics of the communication. For example traits like tone of voice, posture, communication approach, eye contact, time and space, and gestures account for the most important influencing factors of effective communication (Neuliep 2013). Core competencies of intercultural communication can never be complete without mentioning key personality traits like flexibility, open-mindedness, empathy, equality, and adaptability in the individual. Hence, Jonathan as a company representative has to develop all these competencies in order to facilitate effective interaction between the both of the countries. Cultural difference between Australia and China: In order to entertain effective intercultural interaction between both the countries, Jonathan will also need to have a thorough analysis of the cultural differences between the two countries. Australia can be considered a very open minded, westernized, and modern society with an individualistic and progressive take to the lifestyle. China on the other hand is very traditional Confucian cultural societies where traditional values and principles are given the most importance over any modernized are progressive change. In order to better understand the cultural dimension differences between both the countries the help of hofstede cultural dimensions analysis can be taken. Each of the cultural dimension looks at different aspect of culture and its importance effect on the society. On elaboration of the very first dimension, power distance in which Australia scores much lower than China at 36 indicating that the business culture of Australia is not dependent on unequal distribution of po wer. Accessible, collaborative, and shared decision making is the main structural components of industrial culture of Australia and communication is informal direct and participative. China on the other hand is a Confucian society is a very high at the score of 80. It's very clearly indicates that the clear stratification of power among the organizational hierarchy and a very formal and respectful. The next dimension is individualism in which China ranks very low at score of 20 indicating a very collectivist culture in the society showcasing a Cooperative and collaborative lifestyle. Whereas Australia at the score of 90 shows a very individualistic and person based society. In the component of uncertainty avoidance Australia has a very intermediate score with no clear indication on whether the societal culture is appreciative of uncertainty or not, and on the other hand China had a much lower score of 30 indicating no acceptance towards uncertainty of change. In case of long term or ientation, China has a score of 87 showcasing a very responsible and pragmatic social culture, and in contrast, Australia at 21 shows a normative culture. Indulgence is the next dimension where China scores very low at 21 showing a very restrained and disciplined society and Australia at 71 is an indulgent country with least importance to discipline and restrain (Hofstede Insights 2018). Effect on the cultural difference on business: Hence it is clear that there are vast cultural differences between the both countries and inevitably in there are profound impact of the cultural difference on the business dealings and etiquettes of both the countries. For instance China is a Confucian society and the business etiquettes of this country is based on a strong power distance, discipline, and punctuality. Here the business dealings are very formal and everyone is expected to maintain a certain composure during the business interactions (Kleinman and Lin 2012). Formal courtesy and justice is also very important to the business etiquette of China and maintaining the respectful relationship is very important to the business etiquettes of the country. Communication is very formal, pleasantries and greetings are exchanged in a formal yet warm manner and conflict is avoided at all costs. Coming to nonverbal communication, in China, body language and posture is always expected to be formal and attentive that exhibit self contr ol and respectfulness that the country thrives on (Law 2012). Australia on the other hand is a much more organized and open minded country with a straight forward and innovative business mentality. The business hierarchy is open, accessible, and decision making is shared among the different organizational sectors with a warm participative communication statistics. There are not traditional restrictions to nonverbal communication, body language and appearance and the business etiquette is very similar to European cultural characteristics. Organizational hierarchy interacts warmly and regularly with the lower employees and their significant power distance in the Australian business etiquette and is very appreciative of change and innovation (Lantis and Charlton 2011). Barriers to effective communication: With such a vast difference between the business culture and societal norm among the both of the countries, defective communication is inevitable. However in order for the company representative to effectively counteract the barriers, identification and analysis of the barriers is very important. The very first barrier among the both of the countries and effective communication among them is the linguistic barrier. Australia is a mainly English language operated country and in China English is not the dominating operational language. Along with that another very common barrier to intercultural communication is the non verbal communication components. It has to be mentioned that China is a very formal and traditional country and Australia is a loud and open country (Casmir 2013). Hence factors that tone of voice, gesture, eye contact, body language, and vocal characteristics have a huge impact on the communication between both countries. Another key issue can be the stereotypic prejud ices among both of the cultures. Cultural competence and knowledge is acquired which is only developed through direct experience which Jonathan lacked terribly. Hence the differences between both cultures might have acted as prejudice refraining him from blending in with the cultural norms of China (Mindess 2014). Informal understanding and personality traits can also serve as communication barriers and cross cultural settings. It has to be understood that Jonathan had a very European and open minded are bringing and while, understanding of societal pleasantries might be very different from what is appreciated and accepted in China. Hence the lack of adaptivity to Chinese culture and basic knowledge about their lifestyle is a great hurdle that affected the communication significantly (Neuliep 2013). Recommendation: According to most of the authors, cultural competence is an acquired quality, and it can only be enhanced through effort and experience. The communication on misconduct among Australia and China in this case study has been facilitated by the lack of knowledge and intercultural competence in the chosen representative. However the culture intercultural communication analysis and cultural difference analysis done about can provide useful Framework based on which recommendation strategies can be devised for Jonathan to follow in order to improve his intercultural communication capabilities and aid to this position better. First and foremost, Jonathan will need to have a thought of cultural analysis of the traditions and societal norms of Chinese society so that he can understand the impact of the social traditions on the business etiquettes. Enforcement can be considered the key to understanding of foreign culture. Jonathan will also have to mingle with the natives on interpersonal level to understand the route to the tradition and be able to respond to their cultural etiquettes better (Neuliep 2013). Along with that the basic intercultural communication competence a should not be ignored either, and Jonathan can easily take the assistant of online courses and workshops to enhance his verbal and nonverbal communication qualities and core competencies of intercultural communication. Last but not the least maintaining a self reflective journal will be very beneficial for Jonathan so that he can keep track of his own progress and learn from his own mistakes. Cultural competence is associated with empathy respect and equality towards all cultures. Jonathan will have to entertain honest effort towards understanding and respecting different cultural backgrounds as his own to be able to blend in with Chinese culture as efficiently as he could with his own native background (Carbaugh 2013). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it has to be mentioned that International expansion can only be effective when the cross-cultural factors are respected and addressed in an efficient and strategic manner. This case study is a excellent example of the impact lack of strategic planning and actions towards better intercultural interaction between two internationally cooperating business entities can have on the overall productivity and profitability of the business operation. Hence, for any international business dealings a thorough cultural analysis and comparison adjustment is needed before attempting the cross cultural business. Jonathan in this case had been chosen to represent the company in the Chinese society where has he had no idea about the cultural norms of the country or any core competencies of intercultural interaction. However with cultural comparison analysis and strategic action to improve the cultural competence and understanding of foreign culture corporate companies can easily succeed in international expansions. References: Asante, M.K., Miike, Y. and Yin, J. eds., 2013.The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. 2, pp123-150 Carbaugh, D. ed., 2013.Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Pp 185-193 Casmir, F.L. ed., 2013.Ethics in intercultural and international communication. Routledge. Pp 150-165 Chaney, L. and Martin, J., 2013.Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Hofstede Insights. (2018).Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights. [online] Available at: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,china [Accessed 14 Feb. 2018]. Jandt, F.E., 2017.An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Pp250-280 Kleinman, A. and Lin, T.Y. eds., 2013.Normal and abnormal behavior in Chinese culture(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media.pp123-135 Lantis, J.S. and Charlton, A.A., 2011. Continuity or change? The strategic culture of Australia.Comparative strategy,30(4), pp.291-315. Law, W.W., 2012. Educational leadership and culture in China: Dichotomies between Chinese and Anglo-American leadership traditions?.International Journal of Educational Development,32(2), pp.273-282. Martin, J.N., 2015. Revisiting intercultural communication competence: Where to go from here.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,48, pp.6-8. Mindess, A., 2014.Reading between the signs: Intercultural communication for sign language interpreters. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. 3, pp. 125-145 Neuliep, J.W., 2017.Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. 7. Pp 46-55 Ren, H., 2010.Neoliberalism and culture in China and Hong Kong: The countdown of time. Routledge. , 3, pp 120-130 Renzaho, A., Green, J., Mellor, D. and Swinburn, B., 2011. Parenting, family functioning and lifestyle in a new culture: the case of African migrants in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.Child family social work,16(2), pp.228-240. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2014.Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning.1, Pp 141-153 vom Brocke, J. and Sinnl, T., 2011. Culture in business process management: a literature review.Business Process Management Journal,17(2), pp.357-378.